The thought of François Jullien has made valuable contributions to contemporary philosophy, primarily by enriching the interpretation of certain classic themes through the uniqueness of ancient Chinese wisdom. This approach has revealed aspects that Western philosophy, with its metaphysics focused on being, has overlooked. Among these aspects, Jullien has drawn attention to how a series of resources of what could be called ‘Christian thought’ have remained unthought-of, at least from a philosophical perspective. The central question of this research is whether (...) this Christian logic represents just another resource, among several, that Jullien has utilized in his intellectual work, or if it also constitutes one of the fundamental sources of his own work and the beginnings of possible de-coincidence from the philosophy of being. The conclusions indicate a notable and indispensable presence of these Christian notions in his argumentative proposal, albeit without resorting to faith. This study will begin by reviewing the main theses of the French philosopher and, at the same time, will describe how he has been relating and discussing them with Christian doctrine. (shrink)

El presente artículo es un estudio teórico sobre las similitudes entre las doctrinas gnósticas, que florecieron alrededor del siglo ii de nuestra era, y el pensamiento estético del pintor ruso Vasili Kandinsky. El objetivo es analizar estos dos marcos de ideas filosóficas y espirituales para exponer sus similitudes y diferencias. De esta manera, se indagará si, pese a los siglos que las separan y la diferencia de contextos históricos que las rodean, pueden existir en los orígenes de ambas propuestas doctrinales (...) unas problemáticas existenciales y filosóficas comunes. El estudio buscará, con ello, dilucidar si es posible entender la estética de Kandinsky como una especial gnosis moderna estructurada a través de sus planteamientos conceptuales y artísticos. Los resultados de la investigación pretenden no solo dar luces sobre la originalidad de Kandinsky dentro de la historia del arte, sino que también llegar a ser útiles para resaltar y comprender algunos puntos importantes de la discusión cultural dentro de la cual se enmarca su obra. (shrink)

La naciente filosofía tuvo en Parménides a uno de sus precursores más célebres y, sin duda, a uno de los que más influyó a todo el pensamiento posterior. En este trabajo, después de presentar sintéticamente nuestra lectura del pensamiento parmenídeo, por un lado, se quieren mostrar las consecuencias que implica esta propuesta filosófica acerca de lo que es el ser y de qué significa pensar Consecuencias que influyen no sólo en el ámbito filosófico, sino que también en el teológico. Por (...) otro lado, en referencia a estos dos alrededores, se intentará elaborar una propuesta distinta acerca del ser y del pensamiento que no recaer en lo que hemos llamado ciertas 'enfermedades del pensamiento' o 'psicopatologías' causadas por el extenso y severo influjo parmenídeo. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo queremos desarrollar las nociones que Simone Weil tiene del trabajo humano a lo largo de su obra. Comenzaremos con una revisión de sus primeros escritos políticos y sociales sobre la condición obrera y luego ahondaremos en sus obras influenciadas por la experiencia cristiana. Revisaremos su permanente deseo de poder conjugar el trabajo manual con el trabajo intelectual y las negativas consecuencias que ella ve en su separación, además de su análisis de la condición obrera antes y (...) después de su experiencia de trabajo en las fábricas. Finalmente, intentaremos responder cuál es la postura metafísica y antropológica que reside tras esta propuesta weiliana y las posibilidades de proponer en propiedad la tesis de la filósofa francesa como una noción cristiana del trabajo. Concluiremos resaltando lo que, a nuestro modo de ver, son los principales aportes de la filósofa a una doctrina del trabajo liberador para la condición humana.In this article we want to develop the notions that Simone Weil has of human labor through-out his work. We begin with a review of his early political and social writings on the working condition and then delve into his works influenced by the Christian experience. We will review her permanent desire to be able to combine manual labor with intellectual work and the negative consequences she sees in her separation, as weil as her analysis of the working class before and after her experience of working in factories. Finally, we will try to answer what is the metaphysical and anthropological posture that resides behind this weilian proposal and the possibilities of proposing in property the thesis of the french philosopher as a Christian notion of the work. We will conclude by highlighting what, in our view, are the main contributions of the philosopher to a doctrine of liberating work for the human condition. (shrink)

Resumen En el siguiente artículo se indaga en torno a la naturaleza del ícono en cuanto tradicional representación pictórica de Cristo y los santos de la Iglesia. Trataremos de entender en qué consiste este arte, cuyos orígenes se pueden rastrear desde los primeros siglos de la cristiandad, cuáles son sus motivaciones, fines y rasgos esenciales, es decir, sobre qué bases ha logrado cumplir un rol tan importante en la vida de innumerables fieles. Por medio de una metodología de revisión bibliográfica (...) y documental, prestaremos atención a las tesis de diversos filósofos, teólogos e historiadores que se han acercado a reconocer y pensar sobre el significado del ícono para el pueblo cristiano. Nuestro propósito es eminentemente filosófico, pero se nutre de muchos autores que se han preocupado, desde diversas disciplinas, por esta especial y conmovedora belleza cristiana. Conocer en profundidad el ícono nos permitirá resolver nuestra pregunta investigativa que apunta a descubrir la herencia que el ícono le entrega al arte universal de todos los tiempos y al arte cristiano en particular. Partimos de la hipótesis de que el ícono encierra un aporte muy original y poco explorado que tal vez pueda ser de gran provecho e inspiración para pensar, por lo pronto, un arte contemporáneo y futuro enriquecido de esta herencia.The following article explores the nature of the icon as traditional pictorial representation of Christ and the saints of the Church. We will try to understand what this art consists of whose origins can be traced from the first centuries of Christianity, what are its motivations, aims and essential features, that is, on what basis has managed to fulfill such an important role in the lives of countless faithful. By means a methodology of bibliographic and documentary review, we will pay attention to the thesis of different philosophers, theologians and historians who have come to recognize and think about the meaning of the icon for the Christian people. Our purpose is eminently philosophical, but it is nourished by many authors who have been concerned, from different disciplines, with this special and moving Christian beauty. To know in depth the icon will allow us to solve our investigative question that aims to discover the inheritance that the icon gives to the universal art of all times and to Christian art in particular. We start from the hypothesis that the icon contains a very original and little explored contribution that may be of great benefit and inspiration to think, for now, a contemporary art and future enriched by this heritage. (shrink)

El pensamiento cristiano, para el cual la gracia perfecciona la naturaleza y no la destruye, no impide la fundamentación laica-racional, es decir, sin presupuestos teológicos de la libertad. En este sentido, queremos retomar la lección de Tomás de Aquino sobre el acto libre que puede constituir un aporte para este propósito. En el presente trabajo se expondrán las inferencias laicas que se pueden extraer de la génesis y desarrollo de la naturaleza jurídica y económica del acto libre, así como las (...) presenta Tomás. El desarrollo del estudio no repite, sino que prolonga la filosofía de Tomás y, aunque no usa el lenguaje habitual de los estudios tomistas, se mantiene fiel a su lógica y pensamiento. (shrink)

La nueva evangelización requiere de nuevos métodos. Por esta razón, en este trabajo se quiere indicar la relación entre la novedad del método de pensamiento traído por Cristo y el método teológico. Esta relación se fundamenta sobre el hecho de que Cristo es propiamente un acontecimiento siempre renovado que genera y es la norma de un método teológico nuevo y, por ello, adecuado a la nueva evangelización.

En este ensayo se propone una lectura de la narración de Eros y Psique de Apuleyo, extrayendo de ella, principalmente, dos temas de reflexión. El primero es una crítica al modo de entender el pensamiento, es decir, la filosofía, que es generalmente desvinculado del amor, del cuerpo y de la belleza. El segundo tema es la propuesta de cómo se puede co-instituir un sano pensamiento filosófico. Este ensayo pretende continuar la propuesta de Apuleyo y, por lo mismo, repensar desde su (...) herencia las ideas que generalmente se sostienen en Occidente en torno al amor y el pensamiento. (shrink)

Resumen En su obra Pénombres: glanes et aproches théologiques el escritor francés Joseph Malegue ha incluido un original e importante ensayo: Ce que le Christ ajoute a Dieu. Después de elaborar unas premisas, nos hemos detenido sobre el contenido propiamente cristológico de este ensayo. No solo lo hemos presentado sintéticamente, sino que hemos querido identificar los núcleos de su discurso que podrían ofrecer unos caminos abiertos y novedosos para la reflexión teo-cristológica. En este sentido, hemos querido releer la herencia de (...) su pensamiento presente en este ensayo y, si es posible, prolongarla y coronarla.In his work Pénombres: glanes et aproches théologiques the French writer Joseph Malegue has included an original and important essay: Ce que le Christ ajoute a Dieu. After elaborating somepremises, we have stopped on the properly Christological content of this essay. We have not only presented him synthetically, but we have also wanted to identify the nuclei of his discourse that could offer open and new paths for theo-Christological reflection. In this sense, we wanted to re-read the heritage of his thought present in this essay and, if possible, prolong it and crown it. (shrink)

Home care is one of the fastest‐growing industries in the United States, providing valuable opportunities for millions of older adults and people with disabilities to live at home rather than in institutional settings. Home care workers assist clients with essential activities of daily living, but their wages and working conditions generally fail to reflect the importance of their work. Drawing on the work of Eva Feder Kittay and other care ethicists, we argue that good care involves attending to the needs (...) of another out of a concern for their well‐being. Such care should be standard in the home care system. Yet, because of the pervasive racial, gender, and economic inequalities that the home care industry perpetuates, home care workers and their clients cannot reasonably be expected to care about each other. We endorse reforms aimed at enabling home care workers and their clients to form and maintain professional relationships that cultivate care.. (shrink)

A fundamental fact about human minds is that they are never truly alone: all minds are steeped in situated interaction. That social interaction matters is recognized by any experimentalist who seeks to exclude its influence by studying individuals in isolation. On this view, interaction complicates cognition. Here, we explore the more radical stance that interaction co-constitutes cognition: that we benefit from looking beyond single minds toward cognition as a process involving interacting minds. All around the cognitive sciences, there are approaches (...) that put interaction center stage. Their diverse and pluralistic origins may obscure the fact that collectively, they harbor insights and methods that can respecify foundational assumptions and fuel novel interdisciplinary work. What might the cognitive sciences gain from stronger interactional foundations? This represents, we believe, one of the key questions for the future. Writing as a transdisciplinary collective assembled from across the classic cognitive science hexagon and beyond, we highlight the opportunity for a figure-ground reversal that puts interaction at the heart of cognition. The interactive stance is a way of seeing that deserves to be a key part of the conceptual toolkit of cognitive scientists. (shrink)

Fichte-Studien, volume 49 (Leiden: Brill/Rodopi Publishers, 8 April 2021), edited by David W. Wood, 471pp. -/- Presenting new critical perspectives on J.G. Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre, this volume of articles in English by an international group of scholars addresses the topic of first principles in Fichte’s writings. Especially discussed are the central text of his Jena period, the 1794/95 Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre, as well as later versions like the Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo (1796-99) and the presentations of 1804 and 1805. (...) Also included are new studies on the first principles of the particular sub-disciplines of Fichte’s system, such as the doctrines of aesthetics, nature, right, ethics, and history. The volume also contains a number of miscellaneous essays on Fichte research, as well as several book reviews. (shrink)

Die theoretische Logik, auch mathematische oder symbolische Logik genannt, ist eine Ausdehnung der fonnalen Methode der Mathematik auf das Gebiet der Logik. Sie wendet fUr die Logik eine ahnliche Fonnel­ sprache an, wie sie zum Ausdruck mathematischer Beziehungen schon seit langem gebrauchlich ist. In der Mathematik wurde es heute als eine Utopie gelten, wollte man beim Aufbau einer mathematischen Disziplin sich nur der gewohnlichen Sprache bedienen. Die groBen Fortschritte, die in der Mathematik seit der Antike gemacht worden sind, sind zum (...) wesentlichen Teil mit dadurch bedingt, daB es gelang, einen brauchbaren und leistungsfahigen Fonnalismus zu finden. - Was durch die Formel­ sprache in der Mathematik erreicht wird, das solI auch in der theoretischen Logik durch diese erzielt werden, namlich eine exakte, wissenschaftliche Behandlung ihres Gegenstandes. Die logischen Sachverhalte, die zwischen Urteilen, Begriffen usw. bestehen, finden ihre Darstellung durch Formeln, deren Interpretation frei ist von den Unklarheiten, die beim sprachlichen Ausdruck leicht auftreten konnen. Der Dbergang zu logischen Folgerungen, wie er durch das SchlieBen geschieht, wird in seine letzten Elemente zerlegt und erscheint als fonnale Umgestaltung der Ausgangsfonneln nach gewissen Regeln, die den Rechenregeln in der Algebra analog sind; das logische Denken findet sein Abbild in einem LogikkalkUl. Dieser Kalkiil macht die erfolgreiche Inangriffnahme von Problemen moglich, bei denen das rein inhaltliche Denken prinzipiell versagt. Zu diesen gehort z. B. (shrink)

Irena Štěpánová in this book explores Isaac Newton’s engagement with ancient wisdom, the Hexameral tradition, Hermeticism, theology, alchemy as well as natural philosophy. In so doing, she brings together the established historiography with her own new insights. Štěpánová’s study is more than a study of Newton’s thought, for it contains a good deal of background on ancient (e.g., Hermeticism) and early modern thought (e.g., the Cambridge Platonists). She also uses the interpretative lenses of several contemporary Newton and non-Newton scholars in (...) her work. Moreover, provides helpful summaries of Newton’s thought (e.g., his theology). Štěpánová has provided Newton scholarship a great service in this book, not only by making her Czech-language work available in English, but bringing to the English-language reader learning on Hebraic thought, philosophy of life and Hermeticism originally published in Czech. (Abstract from the review by Stephen David Snobelen Associate Professor, History of Science and Technology Programme, University of King’s College, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Director of Newton Project Canada). (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ethics & the Environment 8.1 (2003) 143-150 [Access article in PDF] Species Nova [To See Anew]Art as Ecology David Haley Looking Back From space, looking back at earth, we may see three key issues: the accelerating increase of the human species, the accelerating decrease of other species, and the accelerating effects of climate change. We might ask, how are we to cope with these changes creatively?That our (...) societies tend to value economics over ecology, and monoculture and agro-industry over diversity and permaculture, is certainly worthy of ethical attention. Here I want to invoke a call for integrating art as a necessary contribution to ecological intervention. I consider how artists may engage uncertainty, and how art may be used to develop new ways of seeing and "drawing." This is art for evolutionary survival, not commodification. Art that practices care, shared responsibility, and diversity in the pursuit of eco-centric cultures. Although this paper mainly references visual art forms, this should not be taken to exclude others. Here I am primarily concerned with identifying some of the possible forms of ecological or eco-art. This is art practiced by artist and inventors in the manner of the archetype of Daedalus and worthy of the name implied by the root of the word art. Rt, an ancient term from the Rg Vedas, refers to the virtuous, continuing creation of the cosmos. [End Page 143] Seeing is Believing/ Uncertainty in View The suffix species nova is ascribed by scientists to a new bacterium species, prior to the confirmation of its existence in the appropriate academic journals. The word species means "to look" and "a class of things, living organisms capable of exchanging genes, classified as a taxonomic rank below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial." It also refers to "the visible form of each of the elements of consecrated bread and wine in the Eucharist." Nova refers to the mistaken sighting of a new star, a flash of brightness that quickly dims. Something novel is a new kind of nature, something strange or previously unknown, and novelty refers to invention. Species nova: two words that evoke ideas about innovations of visual experience and belief.I use the phrase to denote the potential for understanding a new order and evolutionary change—"to see anew." I am also aware that species nova could mean a mistaken religious experience, or a class of living things that flashes brightly and quickly dims. Uncertainty is embedded in the richness of meanings.It is ten years since the Earth Summit in Rio popularized the notion of sustainable development and introduced Agenda 21 as a strategy to achieve it. Sadly, culture and art, two of the systems that define humanity, were not mentioned among the necessary tools for building a better future.But what is sustainable development? Is it about conservation, restoration, or regeneration? Will it stop global warming and feed the poor, or is it like candyfloss—a confection of transient comfort, with no real meaning? Has it become a corrupt cultural construct, an anthropocentric myth in the vain pursuit of hope?Recently the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirmed that "most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities." However, the projections and models that have been developed for policy makers to envisage climate change scenarios demonstrate the limits of our ability to understand the situation, let alone adapt to it. A recent review in Nature, comparing two twenty-year forecasts ironically concluded: Uncertainties therefore remain that are beyond the statistical uncertainties described in the two papers. But both sets of authors point out that the upper bound on the potential warming for 2100 may well be [End Page 144] above the IPCC figure of 5.8K under 'heavy emissions' scenarios. So policy-makers should not discount the possibility of a very warm climate considering long-range policy options. (Funnel 2001, 5) A subsequent article in Nature's Climate Change Review reveals even more concern about communicating scientific uncertainty, because models that simulate long-term climate changes cannot be tested using real... (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ethics & the Environment 8.1 (2003) 143-150 [Access article in PDF] Species Nova [To See Anew]Art as Ecology David Haley Looking Back From space, looking back at earth, we may see three key issues: the accelerating increase of the human species, the accelerating decrease of other species, and the accelerating effects of climate change. We might ask, how are we to cope with these changes creatively?That our (...) societies tend to value economics over ecology, and monoculture and agro-industry over diversity and permaculture, is certainly worthy of ethical attention. Here I want to invoke a call for integrating art as a necessary contribution to ecological intervention. I consider how artists may engage uncertainty, and how art may be used to develop new ways of seeing and "drawing." This is art for evolutionary survival, not commodification. Art that practices care, shared responsibility, and diversity in the pursuit of eco-centric cultures. Although this paper mainly references visual art forms, this should not be taken to exclude others. Here I am primarily concerned with identifying some of the possible forms of ecological or eco-art. This is art practiced by artist and inventors in the manner of the archetype of Daedalus and worthy of the name implied by the root of the word art. Rt, an ancient term from the Rg Vedas, refers to the virtuous, continuing creation of the cosmos. [End Page 143] Seeing is Believing/ Uncertainty in View The suffix species nova is ascribed by scientists to a new bacterium species, prior to the confirmation of its existence in the appropriate academic journals. The word species means "to look" and "a class of things, living organisms capable of exchanging genes, classified as a taxonomic rank below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial." It also refers to "the visible form of each of the elements of consecrated bread and wine in the Eucharist." Nova refers to the mistaken sighting of a new star, a flash of brightness that quickly dims. Something novel is a new kind of nature, something strange or previously unknown, and novelty refers to invention. Species nova: two words that evoke ideas about innovations of visual experience and belief.I use the phrase to denote the potential for understanding a new order and evolutionary change—"to see anew." I am also aware that species nova could mean a mistaken religious experience, or a class of living things that flashes brightly and quickly dims. Uncertainty is embedded in the richness of meanings.It is ten years since the Earth Summit in Rio popularized the notion of sustainable development and introduced Agenda 21 as a strategy to achieve it. Sadly, culture and art, two of the systems that define humanity, were not mentioned among the necessary tools for building a better future.But what is sustainable development? Is it about conservation, restoration, or regeneration? Will it stop global warming and feed the poor, or is it like candyfloss—a confection of transient comfort, with no real meaning? Has it become a corrupt cultural construct, an anthropocentric myth in the vain pursuit of hope?Recently the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirmed that "most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities." However, the projections and models that have been developed for policy makers to envisage climate change scenarios demonstrate the limits of our ability to understand the situation, let alone adapt to it. A recent review in Nature, comparing two twenty-year forecasts ironically concluded: Uncertainties therefore remain that are beyond the statistical uncertainties described in the two papers. But both sets of authors point out that the upper bound on the potential warming for 2100 may well be [End Page 144] above the IPCC figure of 5.8K under 'heavy emissions' scenarios. So policy-makers should not discount the possibility of a very warm climate considering long-range policy options. (Funnel 2001, 5) A subsequent article in Nature's Climate Change Review reveals even more concern about communicating scientific uncertainty, because models that simulate long-term climate changes cannot be tested using real... (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ethics & the Environment 8.1 (2003) 143-150 [Access article in PDF] Species Nova [To See Anew]Art as Ecology David Haley Looking Back From space, looking back at earth, we may see three key issues: the accelerating increase of the human species, the accelerating decrease of other species, and the accelerating effects of climate change. We might ask, how are we to cope with these changes creatively?That our (...) societies tend to value economics over ecology, and monoculture and agro-industry over diversity and permaculture, is certainly worthy of ethical attention. Here I want to invoke a call for integrating art as a necessary contribution to ecological intervention. I consider how artists may engage uncertainty, and how art may be used to develop new ways of seeing and "drawing." This is art for evolutionary survival, not commodification. Art that practices care, shared responsibility, and diversity in the pursuit of eco-centric cultures. Although this paper mainly references visual art forms, this should not be taken to exclude others. Here I am primarily concerned with identifying some of the possible forms of ecological or eco-art. This is art practiced by artist and inventors in the manner of the archetype of Daedalus and worthy of the name implied by the root of the word art. Rt, an ancient term from the Rg Vedas, refers to the virtuous, continuing creation of the cosmos. [End Page 143] Seeing is Believing/ Uncertainty in View The suffix species nova is ascribed by scientists to a new bacterium species, prior to the confirmation of its existence in the appropriate academic journals. The word species means "to look" and "a class of things, living organisms capable of exchanging genes, classified as a taxonomic rank below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial." It also refers to "the visible form of each of the elements of consecrated bread and wine in the Eucharist." Nova refers to the mistaken sighting of a new star, a flash of brightness that quickly dims. Something novel is a new kind of nature, something strange or previously unknown, and novelty refers to invention. Species nova: two words that evoke ideas about innovations of visual experience and belief.I use the phrase to denote the potential for understanding a new order and evolutionary change—"to see anew." I am also aware that species nova could mean a mistaken religious experience, or a class of living things that flashes brightly and quickly dims. Uncertainty is embedded in the richness of meanings.It is ten years since the Earth Summit in Rio popularized the notion of sustainable development and introduced Agenda 21 as a strategy to achieve it. Sadly, culture and art, two of the systems that define humanity, were not mentioned among the necessary tools for building a better future.But what is sustainable development? Is it about conservation, restoration, or regeneration? Will it stop global warming and feed the poor, or is it like candyfloss—a confection of transient comfort, with no real meaning? Has it become a corrupt cultural construct, an anthropocentric myth in the vain pursuit of hope?Recently the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirmed that "most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities." However, the projections and models that have been developed for policy makers to envisage climate change scenarios demonstrate the limits of our ability to understand the situation, let alone adapt to it. A recent review in Nature, comparing two twenty-year forecasts ironically concluded: Uncertainties therefore remain that are beyond the statistical uncertainties described in the two papers. But both sets of authors point out that the upper bound on the potential warming for 2100 may well be [End Page 144] above the IPCC figure of 5.8K under 'heavy emissions' scenarios. So policy-makers should not discount the possibility of a very warm climate considering long-range policy options. (Funnel 2001, 5) A subsequent article in Nature's Climate Change Review reveals even more concern about communicating scientific uncertainty, because models that simulate long-term climate changes cannot be tested using real... (shrink)

Die theoretische Logik, auch mathematische oder symbolische Logik genannt, ist eine Ausdehnung der fonnalen Methode der Mathematik auf das Gebiet der Logik. Sie wendet fUr die Logik eine ahnliche Fonnel­ sprache an, wie sie zum Ausdruck mathematischer Beziehungen schon seit langem gebrauchlich ist. In der Mathematik wurde es heute als eine Utopie gelten, wollte man beim Aufbau einer mathematischen Disziplin sich nur der gewohnlichen Sprache bedienen. Die groBen Fortschritte, die in der Mathematik seit der Antike gemacht worden sind, sind zum (...) wesentlichen Teil mit dadurch bedingt, daB es gelang, einen brauchbaren und leistungsfahigen Fonnalismus zu finden. - Was durch die Formel­ sprache in der Mathematik erreicht wird, das solI auch in der theoretischen Logik durch diese erzielt werden, namlich eine exakte, wissenschaftliche Behandlung ihres Gegenstandes. Die logischen Sachverhalte, die zwischen Urteilen, Begriffen usw. bestehen, finden ihre Darstellung durch Formeln, deren Interpretation frei ist von den Unklarheiten, die beim sprachlichen Ausdruck leicht auftreten konnen. Der Dbergang zu logischen Folgerungen, wie er durch das SchlieBen geschieht, wird in seine letzten Elemente zerlegt und erscheint als fonnale Umgestaltung der Ausgangsfonneln nach gewissen Regeln, die den Rechenregeln in der Algebra analog sind; das logische Denken findet sein Abbild in einem LogikkalkUl. Dieser Kalkiil macht die erfolgreiche Inangriffnahme von Problemen moglich, bei denen das rein inhaltliche Denken prinzipiell versagt. Zu diesen gehort z. B. (shrink)

The aim of this essay is to seek out the prototype of the last man in Dawn, Thoughts on the Presumptions of Morality (1881) and to present them in the light of the critique of prejudices as it is carried out in this work. In the third book, in particular, one can find an exact representation of the last man. Under the features of modern humanity and its prejudices, it is first and foremost the aporia of a certain type of (...) man that Nietzsche highlights before appealing to the arrival of the superman a few years later. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar a ruptura entre senso comum e conhecimento científico da Química a partir da epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard. Como fio condutor para tal análise, tomou-se os conceitos de materialismo imediato e materialismo instruído, que aparecem principalmente na obra bachelardiana Le Matérialisme Rationnel de 1953, como grandes bases de pensamentos que fundamentaram a ciência Química em períodos históricos diferentes. Demonstrar-se-á que, na epistemologia de Bachelard, o conceito de materialismo imediato equivale ao momento em que ocorria continuidade (...) entre senso comum e conhecimento científico e que as diversas rupturas e inovações conceituais que ocorreram na contemporaneidade irão instaurar uma nova Química, fundamentada em uma nova base de pensamento, intitulada por Bachelard de materialismo instruído. Aqui, o materialismo se encontra no estado avançado da cultura científica e, ao incorporar o conhecimento discursivo sobre a matéria, rompe com os conhecimentos das aparências e se distancia definitivamente das ideias elementares ligadas ao senso comum. A Química do novo espírito científico é apresentada pela epistemologia bachelardiana como uma ciência inventiva que cria seu objeto, ela instruí e ordena a realidade a partir do pensamento matemático através de técnicas muito peculiares e, deste modo, se distancia da análise imediata sobre os dados empíricos da realidade comum. A epistemologia da química bachelardiana aponta para uma série de reorganizações e atualizações conceituais que servem para caracterizar as provas da evolução do pensamento científico. (shrink)

A mecânica quântica instituiu uma linguagem matemática inteiramente inédita. Essa mudança na física exigiu que físicos e filósofos repensassem os conceitos pelos quais se podiam representar a realidade, uma vez que as noções clássicas se revelaram limitadas na compreensão dos fenômenos atômicos. O filósofo francês G. Bachelard e o físico alemão W. Heisenberg são autores que discorreram acerca das grandes modificações que ocorreram no seio da física, e, com isso, trataram do problema da linguagem na mecânica quântica. Neste artigo, o (...) objetivo é recorrer aos argumentos de ambos os autores para evidenciar relações entre suas ideias acerca da temática referida. Destaca-se que Bachelard e Heisenberg criticam a aplicação da linguagem usual e dos conceitos filosóficos da modernidade na nova física, mas, mediante sua noção de ruptura, o filósofo francês propõe que a mecânica quântica se restrinja à linguagem matemática. Ideia esta que vai contra ao princípio de complementaridade de Bohr, admitido por Heisenberg na compreensão dos fenômenos quânticos e para uma interpretação da física quântica. (shrink)

Cet article a déjà paru dans Maria do Carmo Ribeiro & Arnaldo Sousa Mello, Evolucão da paisagem urbana cidade e periferia, Braga, Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar « Cultura, Espaço e Memória » – Instituto de Estudos Medievais – Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2014, pp.175-204. Il est disponible en ligne sur la base des Archives ouvertes. Nous remercions Hélène Noizet et Davide Gherdevich de nous avoir autorisé à le republier ici. Comme la plupart des villes, Paris connaît une dynamique - (...) Géographie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Hypotrichous ciliates extensively process genomic DNA during their life cycle. Processing occurs after cell mating, beginning with multiple rounds of DNA replication to form polytene chromosomes. Thousands of transposonlike elements are then excised from the chromosomes and destroyed, and thousands of short, internal eliminated sequences (IESs) are excised from coding and noncoding parts of genes and destroyed. IES removal from a gene is accompanied by splicing of the remaining chromosomal DNA segments to form a transcriptionally competent gene. For some genes (...) these DNA segments are in a scrambled order and are ligated into a genetically correct order at the time of IES removal. Next the polytene chromosomes are cut up band‐by‐band and all genes are excised from the chromosomes as short, linear molecules averaging 2.2 kbp (in Oxytricha nova). Gene excision is accompanied by destruction of all nongenic DNA, which, together with the transposonlike elements and IESs, accounts for ∼95% of the total sequence complexity of the genome in O. nova. Telomeric sequences are added to the excised gene‐sized DNA molecules. Finally, the gene‐sized molecules are replicated several times to form the macronucleus of the organism. (shrink)

Terra nova 2.0 -- The real problem -- Social contract 2.0 -- In the face of others -- Open-ended conclusions.

Assunto pouco estudado na obra de Espinosa, o trabalho ocupa centralidade em seu pensamento acerca do direito comum. Através do exame das ocorrências do trabalho nos dois tratados políticos, bem como da observância da correta tradução de _ opera mutua _, procura-se jogar nova luz sobre a história em Espinosa, em particular sobre a gênese do direito comum e sobre as ideias de justiça e injustiça nesse autor.

El cardenal don Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona murió en Roma el 12 de abril de 1775. Con una dilatada carrera cortesana y eclesiástica vivió una vida holgada, sus excesos económicos, su tren de vida y sus atenciones a los necesitados fueron las características más relevantes de su personalidad como prelado. Al igual que en Roma, Sevilla celebró solemnes exequias en su memoria, y un año más tarde se depositó su corazón en el convento de capuchinas de Santa (...) Rosalía, como era su deseo. Antes de su último viaje a Italia, en 1766 dejó rubricado un documento con sus últimas voluntades, en él dejaba como heredero universal al deán y cabildo de la catedral de Sevilla, y nombrados a todos sus albaceas, provocando entre ellos una serie de conflictos de difícil solución. El artículo concluye con la aportación de un anexo con la transcripción de una copia del testamento del cardenal don Francisco de Solís Folch y Cardona que solicitó su hermano y albacea, don Alonso de Solís Folch de Cardona, IV duque de Montellano. (shrink)

Marc Richir é, sem dúvida, um dos leitores mais profundos e atentos dos textos de Edmund Husserl. A capacidade deste autor para entrar em diálogo com o filósofo alemão, cujo valor, mas igualmente as limitações soube reconhecer, coloca‑o no centro do discurso filosófico da segunda metade do século XX e até hoje. O vigoroso caminho fenomenológico de Richir começa durante os anos 80, quando as obras do filósofo começam a tomar forma de um discurso denso e articulado em torno dos (...) níveis arquitetónicos que estão atrás e por debaixo da experiência natural e intersubjetiva do mundo. De entre as possíveis objeções a Husserl, devemos reconhecer, segundo Richir, o paradoxo que gera o próprio conceito de fenómeno, ao qual o filósofo belga trata de tentar chegar mediante uma nova e mais radical forma de époché. Desde aí, abre‑se um horizonte de investigação novo, feito de uma fenomenalização considerada no seu aparecer instantâneo e intermitente, em nome do qual o filósofo deve estar disposto a renunciar à presença do eu constituinte enquanto condição da toda a experiência e conhecimento. Entre os temas que compõem o universo richiriano está aquele que se dirige à investigação dos conteúdos mínimos da experiência que se organizam antes da conceptualização. Retomando o conceito merleau‑pontyano de Wesen selvagem durante os anos 90, Richir coloca o espaço no centro do seu discurso e, em particular, a forma na qual este se encontra intimamente misturado com o tempo na constituição do mundo dos fenómenos. O modo como chegamos a introduzir‑nos no mundo como seres que sabem e conhecem não pode entender‑se sem as noções husserlianas de corpo vivido e intersubjetividade. Richir falará, então, da matriz arcaica da chôra, a partir da qual, mediante um certo tipo peculiar de esquematismo, se gerará a primeira fenomenalização do mundo que é reflexo da relação originária entre mãe e filho. A Leiblichkeit será então o pinto de dissensão, o lugar de um espaço transicional, interfático, que subjaz a toda a espacialização. (shrink)

Alfred Edward Housman (1859–1936), ki je kasneje postal angleški pesnik in eden največjih filologov svojega časa, je svoj zafrkantski »fragment« objavil pri triindvajsetih, leta 1883, v reviji Bromsgrovian. Revijo je izdajala Bromsgrove School, kjer se je šolal kot najstnik (1870–77); na šolo, ki je prva prepoznala njegov jezikovni in pesniški talent, se je za kratek čas (1881–82) vrnil kot pomožni učitelj po ne­pričakovanem študijskem porazu na Oxfordu. Kot ugotavlja Ralph Marcellino, ni naključje, da besedilo paro­dira predvsem Ajshila, ki je bil (...) Housmanov najljubši pesnik. V njem odzvanja Oresteja, zlasti drami Agamemnon in Prinašalke pitnih darov, verjetno zato, ker so ju dijaki na šoli, kjer je poučeval, pri pouku največ brali. Prav ta ciljna publika je znala ceniti norčevanje iz retoričnih figur ter sintaktičnih konstrukcij, ki jim jih je njihov pomožni učitelj vbijal v glavo. (shrink)

Resumo: A prática de 70 anos da Nova China mostra que nosso Partido tem, de forma permanente, valorizado e fortalecido a liderança do trabalho ideológico, fator essencial para que a nação chinesa consiga o salto de rica e poderosa, e consolide continuamente a posição dominante do partido. As sucessivas lideranças coletivas do partido exploraram e inovaram a teoria da ideologia socialista em diferentes períodos da história da China, em vista da situação internacional e doméstica, fornecendo ao PCCh uma base (...) teórica científica e diretrizes de ação para romper as barreiras ideológicas em sua regra de longo prazo. Mao Tsé-Tung fez contribuições históricas significativas para explorar o caminho para o novo socialismo chinês, projeto institucional, inovação teórica e construção ideológica. O objetivo deste estudo é combinar os princípios básicos marxismo com a realidade específica da China, apresentar de forma criativa os princípios básicos e as direções básicas da construção da ideología nacional e elaborar sistematicamente a conotação essencial, a ideologia orientadora, os objetivos primários, a natureza fundamental e o camino de realização da construção da ideología socialista. Este estudo mostra que o primeiro salto teórico da localização da ideología marxista na China lançou uma base sólida para construir um país científico e completo e um sistema ideológico nacional científico e completo. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Thomas Aquinas and the Crisis of Christology ed. by Michael A. Dauphinais, Andrew Hofer, O.P., and Roger W. NuttJ. David MoserThomas Aquinas and the Crisis of Christology edited by Michael A. Dauphinais, Andrew Hofer, O.P., and Roger W. Nutt (Ave Maria, FL: Sapientia Press, 2021), ix + 422 pp.This volume is a collection of papers presented at the "Thomas Aquinas and the Crisis of Christology" conference at (...) the Aquinas Center of Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida, in February 2020. Dozens of papers were presented at the conference; this volume contains many of the plenary papers and the two keynote addresses given by Bruce Marshall and Thomas Joseph White, O.P.The title, especially the term "crisis," has multiple meanings in the essays. On the one hand, some of them address the crisis in contemporary Christology. For example, Michael Dauphinais draws on Aquinas's theology of participation to pose what he sees as a better alternative to Richard Rohr's The Universal Christ. As Dauphinais shows, Rohr's popular Christology conflates Incarnation and creation as one and the same reality. Through careful exegesis of Aquinas's Commentary on John, Dauphinais argues that the Incarnation must be distinct as a unique act of God, and thus decidedly not the same as creation (253). On the other hand, as J. Augustine DiNoia observes in his foreword, the term "crisis" comes from the Greek krisis, or "judgment" (ix). Christ's judgment of all human beings emerges as a persistent theme in the volume. So Andrew Hofer's introduction explores Aquinas's teaching on Christ's judgment of teachers of the faith, noting the implications for theologians who hold the office of teacher. Marshall's and Daria Spezzano's essays are powerful accounts of Christ's role as judge. Both diagnose contemporary crises of faith over which we will be judged and remind us that the Lord Jesus judges to save those who love him. These essays read almost like sermons, and they deserve careful attention when [End Page 1435] Christ's judgment seems irrelevant in an age when God can only be thought to be winsome and nice.Some of the essays contribute to ongoing Thomistic scholarly debates. The vexed question of how to understand the esse secundarium in article 4 of Aquinas's De unione verbi incarnati receives two essays: one by Roger Nutt and the other by Steven A. Long. Nutt argues that Aquinas did not reverse his teaching on the single esse of Christ in the De unione. He observes that Aquinas uses the terms principale and secundarium to manifest "the ultimate unity of composite realities," and thus secundarium esse is not "second esse" in the order of being (87). Like Nutt, Long argues that Aquinas is consistent in his position on Christ's singular esse. He invokes a wide array of interpretive and metaphysical arguments in a mere nine pages. Though they do not resolve the problem (at least in my view: how could an esse distinct from another esse be numerically the same esse, as they would have to be for Christ to have one esse?), they are useful contributions to the ongoing interpretation of Aquinas on this point.Similarly, Christ's human knowledge in Aquinas's theology and Catholic doctrine gets two essays. White expands on prior work on this topic and argues that Christ maintained consciousness of his filial identity prior to the resurrection. As usual, he does careful work deploying the insights of Catholic doctrine in conversation with biblical studies. Simon Francis Gaine expands on his argument in Did the Saviour See the Father? Christ, Salvation and the Vision of God by arguing that a divine person does not need to have the beatific vision to be incarnate. He contrasts metaphysical necessity with soteriological necessity; Christ needed to have the beatific vision to give it to us, but he did not need it as a necessary consequence of being incarnate. It would be interesting to see Gaine and other Thomists interact with John Duns Scotus's argument that Christ could be incarnate without the beatific vision, or highest possible grace (Ordinatio III, d. 13). Scotus, in my... (shrink)

La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was apolitical, (...) impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

En este breve comentario discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación de la epistemología de Davidson que sugiere Willian Duica en su reciente libro. Luego de una presentación somera del libro me centro en tres asuntos centrales de la interpretación de Duica. En primer lugar, argumento que su lectura de la crítica de Davidson al dualismo esquema/contenido es muy restrictiva y deja abierta la posibilidad de un realismo directo empirista. En segundo lugar, argumento que en su lectura el propio Duica se (...) compromete inadvertidamente con un empirismo de este tipo y, de este modo, su interpretación entra en tensión con el coherentismo de Davidson. Finalmente, discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación que hace Duica de la tesis davidsoniana de la triangulación. In this short comment I discuss some aspects of William Duica's interpretation of Davidson's epistemology in a recent book. After a brief review of the book, I focus on three central issues of Duica's interpretation. First, I argue that his reading of Davidson's criticism of the scheme/content dualism is too restrictive and leaves open the possibility of an empiricist direct realism. Second, I argue in his reading Duica inadvertently commits himself to an empiricism of this sort and, as a result, his interpretation is in tension with Davidson's own coherentism. Finally, I discuss some aspects of Duica's interpretation of Davidsonian triangulation. (shrink)

Oxford Philosophical Texts Series Editor: John Cottingham The Oxford Philosophical Texts series consists of authoritative teaching editions of canonical texts in the history of philosophy from the ancient world down to modern times. Each volume provides a clear, well laid out text together with a comprehensive introduction by a leading specialist, giving the student detailed critical guidance on the intellectual context of the work and the structure and philosophical importance of the main arguments. Endnotes are supplied which provide further commentary (...) on the arguments and explain unfamiliar references and terminology, and a full bibliography and index are also included. The series aims to build up a definitive corpus of key texts in the Western philosophical tradition, which will form a reliable and enduring resource for students and teachers alike. David Hume's aim in writing An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding was to introduce his philosophy to a European culture in which many educated people read original works of philosophy. He gives an elegant and accessible presentation of strikingly original and challenging views about the limited powers of human understanding, the attractions of scepticism, the compatibility of free will and determinism, and weaknesses in the foundations of religion. Hume's philosophy was highly controversial in the eighteenth century and remains so today. The text printed in this edition is that of the Clarendon critical edition of Hume's works. A substantial introduction by the editor explains the intellectual background to the work and surveys its main themes. The volume also includes detailed explanatory notes on the text, a glossary of terms, a full list of references, and a section of supplementary readings. (shrink)

David Lewis (1941-2001) was Class of 1943 University Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. His contributions spanned philosophical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, metaphysics, and epistemology. In On the Plurality of Worlds, he defended his challenging metaphysical position, "modal realism." He was also the author of the books Convention, Counterfactuals, Parts of Classes, and several volumes of collected papers.

Kaum ein Buch hat so viele und so kontroverse Reaktionen verursacht wie Simone de Beauvoirs "Das Andere Geschlecht". Der Sammelband gibt einen Einblick in die aktuelle internationale Beauvoir-Debatte und die Art und Weise wie das fünfzigjährige Jubiläum des "Anderen Geschlechts" gefeiert wurde. Die Autorinnen versuchen die verschiedenen Grundthemen von Beauvoirs Werk, wie Geschlecht und Körper (D. Lamoureux, M. Couillard, M. L. Femenías), Gleichheit und Differenz (S. Kruks, Y. Raynova, S. Bainbrigge), Ausschluss und Anerkennung (D. Bergoffen, S. Moser), Verantwortung und Engagement (...) (F. Rétif, N. Bauer, K. Arp, Dauphin, C. Gater), aus der Perspektive der Gegenwart neu zu beleuchten. Darüber hinaus enthält der Band biographische (K. Vintges, B. Weisshaupt) und bibliographische Beiträge, die ihn zu einem Nachschlagewerk und zu einer Dokumentation der gegenwärtigen Beauvoirforschung werden lassen. Aus dem Inhalt: Françoise Rétif: Zur Aktualität von Simone de Beauvoir oder die Dialektik des Engagements - Nancy Bauer: First Philosophy, "The Second Sex", and the Third Wave - Debra Bergoffen: Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre: Woman, Man and the Desire to be God - Elaine Stavro-Pearce: Transgressing Sartre: embodied situated subjects in "The Second Sex" - Susanne Moser: Subjekt und Anerkennung: Zum Problem des Ausschlusses von Frauen und Weiblichkeit im" Anderen Geschlecht" - Diane Lamoureux: Der Paradox des Körpers bei Simone de Beauvoir - Marie Couillard: Die Lesbierin bei Simone de Beauvoir und Nicole Brossard - María Luisa Femenías: Beauvoir revisited: Butler and the "gender" question - Sonia Kruks: Panopticism and Shame: Reading Foucault through Beauvoir - Yvanka B. Raynova: Für eine postmoderne Ethik der Gerechtigkeit: Simone de Beauvoir und Jean-François Lyotard - Kristana Arp: Moral obligation in Simone de Beauvoir's "The Ethics of Ambiguity" - Susan Bainbrigge: The Impact of Simone de Beauvoir's "universel singularisé" on the Politics of Representation and the Representation of Politics - Sandrine Dauphin: From Socialism to radical Feminism: Militant foundations in Simone de Beauvoir's Writings - Claudia Gather: Simone de Beauvoir, eine Klassikerin der feministischen Soziologie? - Karen Vintges: Beauvoir's autobiography: "autofiction" or selftechnique? - Brigitte Weisshaupt: Simone de Beauvoir und Jean-Paul Sartre. Eine Anmerkung - Susanne Moser/Yvanka B. Raynova: "50 Jahre 'Das andere Geschlecht'": Zur internationalen Konferenz in Paris (19.-23.01.1999). (shrink)